doi:10.1164/rccm.200905-0665OC, Bull, M. B., and Laragh, J. H. (1968). TABLE 2. Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . doi:10.7150/ijbs.45538, Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, J., Yuan, J., Yang, M., Wang, F., et al. (2019). (2020a). J. Huazhong Univ. J. Appl. Nat. Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Causes Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. FIGURE 2. Calcium Antagonists and Their Mode of Action: an Historical Overview. -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. (2020). Contact. The COVID-19 Vaccine Development Landscape. Would you like email updates of new search results? Crit. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). The secretion of alveolar fluid, caused by inhibiting Na+ entry, is sensitive to inhibition of CFTR, NKCC, or Na+-K+-ATPase (Solymosi et al., 2013), suggesting that CFTR, NKCC or Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitors may have potential in treating pulmonary edema caused by low expression of ENaC. Am. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. 8 (4), 420422. The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. (2020). 50 (4), 113. 157, 104882. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104882, Zhang, H., and Baker, A. (2004). 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 Allergol. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301, Li, L., Zhang, W., Hu, Y., Tong, X., Zheng, S., Yang, J., et al. Systemic Reactions. (2021). Physiol. CDC/FDA announce pause in use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine after identification of 6 cases of CVST with thrombocytopenia. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.005, Cure, E., and Cumhur Cure, M. (2020). ACE2 is most abundantly expressed in human vascular endothelial cells as well as alveolar and intestinal epithelial cells. 74 (2), 92101. 103, 7888. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Ephedra. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0101OC, Kaneko, Y., and Szallasi, A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment A Review of Early and Emerging Options. The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms. (2002). 104, 81125. An official website of the United States government. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. 54 (3), 678811. Bookshelf TRPs are essential for the respiratory system and pulmonary edema, in which TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most important. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. Invest. Thorax 69 (1), 4654. doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20029975, Yin, J., Hoffmann, J., Kaestle, S. M., Neye, N., Wang, L., Baeurle, J., et al. Lancet Respir. J. Biol. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, Bessac, B. F., and Jordt, S.-E. (2008). doi:10.1001/jama.249.2.237, Matalon, S. (1999). A pulmonary edema was the cause of the death of a woman who died short after a vaccine on Tuesday an autopsy has shown. J. Pract. When to. Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. In TCM theory, evils of COVID-19 are derived from cold-dampness, whose core pathogenesis are toxin and dampness. (Engl) 133 (9), 10511056. TABLE 3. Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). (2020). Invest. Intensive Care Med. (2020b). The abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema contribute to the severity of symptoms and fatality of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.h2000, Negrini, D., Passi, A., and Moriondo, A. Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. Hyponatremia in Infectious Diseases-A Literature Review. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.002, Bardou, O., Priv, A., Migneault, F., Roy-Camille, K., Dagenais, A., Berthiaume, Y., et al. Am. Nature 590, 635641. Physiol. Focusing on decreasing the formation of body fluid in lung or promoting the absorption of body fluid can contribute to a decrease in lung damage and decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. 21, 97S107S. Sci. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Res. Br. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. N. Engl. Influenza Virus Inhibits Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Respiratory Epithelia. (2016). 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. Pharmacol. (2004). Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. (2010). Invited Review: Active Fluid Clearance from the Distal Air Spaces of the Lung. Cmp 6 (1), 1327. Pharmacol. doi:10.1002/jcp.29758, Zhang, W., Xia, X., Reisenauer, M. R., Rieg, T., Lang, F., Kuhl, D., et al. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). 225 (4), 618627. The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974).
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